Giới thiệu
Nhóm: không ai
trọng lượng nguyên tử: 173.04
Giai đoạn: 6
Số CAS: 7440-64-4
phân loại
Không có đồng vị ổn định
Chất rắn
Chất lỏng
Khí
Chất rắn (Dự đoán)
Sự miêu tả • Sử dụng / Chức năng
Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia intotwo components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. Theseelements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occursalong with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%.Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another.The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however,with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element couldbe determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closedcontainers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowlywith water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13° and 795°C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered,cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently beenfound to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor whenthe pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty sixother unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanicalproperties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricityis unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is commercially available with a purity of about 99.9% for about $5/g. Ytterbiumhas a low acute toxic rating, but may present a carcinogenic hazard. 1
Tính chất vật lý
Độ nóng chảy:2* 819 °C = 1092.15 K = 1506.2 °F
electron Cấu hình: *[Xe] 6s2 4f14
n = 4
electron Affinity:4 -0.020 eV
Nhiệt dung riêng: 0.155 J/g°C 6 = 26.821 J/mol°C = 0.037 cal/g°C = 6.410 cal/mol°C
trái đất - nguồn hợp chất: phosphates 12
Liện kết ngoại:
tạp chí:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:35.
Điểm sôi:2* 1196 °C = 1469.15 K = 2184.8 °F
điểm thăng hoa:2
ba điểm:2
Điểm cốt lõi:2
Tỉ trọng:3 6.90 g/cm3
* - at 1 atm
electron Cấu hình
Khối: f
Cao nhất Chiếm Năng lượng Cấp: 6
Valence electron: 2
số lượng tử:
ℓ = 3
mℓ = 3
ms = -½
bonding
Quá trình oxy hóa Hoa: +3,2
ion hóa tiềm năng
eV 5
kJ/mol
1
6.25416
603.4
ion hóa tiềm năng
eV 5
kJ/mol
2
12.1761
1174.8
ion hóa tiềm năng
eV 5
kJ/mol
3
25.05
2417.0
4
43.56
4202.9
nhiệt hóa học
Dẫn nhiệt: 34.9 (W/m)/K, 27°C 7
Nhiệt Fusion: 7.66 kJ/mol 8 = 44.3 J/g
Nhiệt bay hơi: 128.9 kJ/mol 9 = 744.9 J/g
Nhà nước Matter
Entanpi của Formation (ΔHf°)10
entropy (S°)10
Gibbs miễn phí năng lượng (ΔGf°)10
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(s)
0
0
14.31
59.87304
0
0
(g)
36.4
152.2976
41.35
173.0084
28.3
118.4072
Đồng vị
Nuclide
Khối lượng 11
Half-Life 11
spin hạt nhân 11
Ràng buộc năng lượng
148Yb
147.96742(64)#
250# ms
0+
1,177.05 MeV
149Yb
148.96404(54)#
0.7(2) s
(1/2+,3/2+)
1,185.12 MeV
150Yb
149.95842(43)#
700# ms [>200 ns]
0+
1,202.51 MeV
151Yb
150.95540(32)
1.6(5) s
(1/2+)
1,210.58 MeV
152Yb
151.95029(22)
3.04(6) s
0+
1,218.65 MeV
153Yb
152.94948(21)#
4.2(2) s
7/2-#
1,236.03 MeV
154Yb
153.946394(19)
0.409(2) s
0+
1,244.11 MeV
155Yb
154.945782(18)
1.793(19) s
(7/2-)
1,252.18 MeV
156Yb
155.942818(12)
26.1(7) s
0+
1,260.25 MeV
157Yb
156.942628(11)
38.6(10) s
7/2-
1,268.32 MeV
158Yb
157.939866(9)
1.49(13) min
0+
1,285.71 MeV
159Yb
158.94005(2)
1.67(9) min
5/2(-)
1,284.46 MeV
160Yb
159.937552(18)
4.8(2) min
0+
1,301.85 MeV
161Yb
160.937902(17)
4.2(2) min
3/2-
1,309.92 MeV
162Yb
161.935768(17)
18.87(19) min
0+
1,317.99 MeV
163Yb
162.936334(17)
11.05(25) min
3/2-
1,326.06 MeV
164Yb
163.934489(17)
75.8(17) min
0+
1,334.13 MeV
165Yb
164.93528(3)
9.9(3) min
5/2-
1,342.21 MeV
166Yb
165.933882(9)
56.7(1) h
0+
1,350.28 MeV
167Yb
166.934950(5)
17.5(2) min
5/2-
1,358.35 MeV
168Yb
167.933897(5)
ỔN ĐỊNH
0+
1,366.42 MeV
169Yb
168.935190(5)
32.026(5) d
7/2+
1,374.49 MeV
170Yb
169.9347618(26)
ỔN ĐỊNH
0+
1,382.56 MeV
171Yb
170.9363258(26)
ỔN ĐỊNH
1/2-
1,390.63 MeV
172Yb
171.9363815(26)
ỔN ĐỊNH
0+
1,398.70 MeV
173Yb
172.9382108(26)
ỔN ĐỊNH
5/2-
1,406.78 MeV
174Yb
173.9388621(26)
ỔN ĐỊNH
0+
1,414.85 MeV
175Yb
174.9412765(26)
4.185(1) d
7/2-
1,413.60 MeV
176Yb
175.9425717(28)
ỔN ĐỊNH
0+
1,421.68 MeV
177Yb
176.9452608(28)
1.911(3) h
(9/2+)
1,429.75 MeV
178Yb
177.946647(11)
74(3) min
0+
1,437.82 MeV
179Yb
178.95017(32)#
8.0(4) min
(1/2-)
1,436.57 MeV
180Yb
179.95233(43)#
2.4(5) min
0+
1,444.65 MeV
181Yb
180.95615(43)#
1# min
3/2-#
1,452.72 MeV
Các giá trị được đánh dấu # được không hoàn toàn xuất phát từ số liệu thực nghiệm, nhưng ít nhất một phần từ các xu hướng có hệ thống. Quay với lập luận phân yếu được kèm theo trong ngoặc đơn. 11
phong phú
trái đất - Nước biển: 0.00000082 mg/L 13
trái đất -
vỏ trái đất:
3.2 mg/kg = 0.00032% 13
trái đất -
Tổng số:
229 ppb 14
Mercury (hành tinh) -
Tổng số:
176 ppb 14
sao Kim -
Tổng số:
240 ppb 14
chondrite - Tổng số: 0.18 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 15
Các hợp chất
ytterbium(II) chloride
ytterbium(II) fluoride
ytterbium(II) iodide
ytterbium(II) selenide
ytterbium(II) telluride
Thông tin an toàn
Bảng dữ liệu an toàn vật liệu - ACI Alloys, Inc.
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(1) Folger, Tim. The Secret Ingredients of Everything. National Geographic, June 2011, pp 136-145.
nguồn
(2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(3) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(4) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.
(11) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.
(12) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(13) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.
(15) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)
(16) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.