導入
グループ: 7 or VII B
原子量: 186.207
期間: 6
CAS番号: 7440-15-5
分類
いいえ安定同位体ません
固体
液体
ガス
固体 (予測)
説明 • 用途/機能
Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum oresand columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however,widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdeniteroaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenitescontain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimatedFree World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nineother unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. Theelement is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceededonly by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidatedby pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal.Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impartuseful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K.Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W areused for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts areexceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming,and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium costs about $12/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with careuntil more data are available. 1
物理的特性
融点:2* 3186 °C = 3459.15 K = 5766.8 °F
電子構成: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5
n = 5
電気陰性度 (ポーリングスケール):4 1.9
比熱: 0.137 J/g°C 8 = 25.510 J/mol°C = 0.033 cal/g°C = 6.097 cal/mol°C
地球 - ソース化合物: oxides 14
外部リンク:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:25-4:26.
沸点:2* 5596 °C = 5869.15 K = 10104.8 °F
昇華点:2
三重点:2
臨界点:2
密度:3 20.8 g/cm3
* - at 1 atm
電子構成
ブロック: d
最高占有エネルギーレベル: 6
ヴァランス電子:
量子数:
ℓ = 2
mℓ = 2
ms = +½
ボンディング
Electropositivity (ポーリングスケール): 2.1
電子親和力:5 0.15 eV
酸化状態: +7,4,6
仕事関数:6 4.95 eV = 7.9299E-19 J
イオン化ポテンシャル
eV 7
kJ/mol
イオン化ポテンシャル
eV 7
kJ/mol
イオン化ポテンシャル
eV 7
kJ/mol
1
7.8335
755.8
熱化学
熱伝導率: 47.9 (W/m)/K, 27°C 9
融解熱: 33.2 kJ/mol 10 = 178.3 J/g
気化熱: 715 kJ/mol 11 = 3839.8 J/g
物質の状態
生成エンタルピー (ΔHf°)12
エントロピ (S°)12
ギブズ自由エネルギー (ΔGf°)12
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(s)
0
0
8.81
36.86104
0
0
(g)
184.0
769.856
45.131
188.828104
173.2
724.6688
同位体
核種
質量 13
人生の半分 13
核スピン 13
結合エネルギー
160Re
159.98212(43)#
860(120) μs [0.82(+15-9) ms]
(2-)
1,251.36 MeV
161Re
160.97759(22)
0.37(4) ms
1/2+
1,268.75 MeV
162Re
161.97600(22)#
107(13) ms
(2-)
1,276.82 MeV
163Re
162.972081(21)
390(70) ms
(1/2+)
1,284.89 MeV
164Re
163.97032(17)#
0.53(23) s
high
1,292.96 MeV
165Re
164.967089(30)
1# s
1/2+#
1,310.35 MeV
166Re
165.96581(9)#
2# s
2-#
1,318.42 MeV
167Re
166.96260(6)#
3.4(4) s
9/2-#
1,326.49 MeV
168Re
167.96157(3)
4.4(1) s
(5+,6+,7+)
1,334.56 MeV
169Re
168.95879(3)
8.1(5) s
9/2-#
1,351.95 MeV
170Re
169.958220(28)
9.2(2) s
(5+)
1,360.02 MeV
171Re
170.95572(3)
15.2(4) s
(9/2-)
1,368.09 MeV
172Re
171.95542(6)
15(3) s
-5
1,376.16 MeV
173Re
172.95324(3)
1.98(26) min
(5/2-)
1,384.23 MeV
174Re
173.95312(3)
2.40(4) min
1,392.31 MeV
175Re
174.95138(3)
5.89(5) min
(5/2-)
1,400.38 MeV
176Re
175.95162(3)
5.3(3) min
3+
1,408.45 MeV
177Re
176.95033(3)
14(1) min
5/2-
1,416.52 MeV
178Re
177.95099(3)
13.2(2) min
(3+)
1,424.59 MeV
179Re
178.949988(26)
19.5(1) min
(5/2)+
1,441.98 MeV
180Re
179.950789(23)
2.44(6) min
(1)-
1,440.73 MeV
181Re
180.950068(14)
19.9(7) h
5/2+
1,448.80 MeV
182Re
181.95121(11)
64.0(5) h
7+
1,456.88 MeV
183Re
182.950820(9)
70.0(14) d
5/2+
1,464.95 MeV
184Re
183.952521(5)
38.0(5) d
3(-)
1,473.02 MeV
185Re
184.9529550(13)
STABLE
5/2+
1,481.09 MeV
186Re
185.9549861(13)
3.7186(5) d
1-
1,489.16 MeV
187Re
186.9557531(15)
41.2(2)E+9 a
5/2+
1,497.23 MeV
188Re
187.9581144(15)
17.0040(22) h
1-
1,505.30 MeV
189Re
188.959229(9)
24.3(4) h
5/2+
1,513.38 MeV
190Re
189.96182(16)
3.1(3) min
(2)-
1,512.13 MeV
191Re
190.963125(11)
9.8(5) min
(3/2+,1/2+)
1,520.20 MeV
192Re
191.96596(21)#
16(1) s
1,528.27 MeV
193Re
192.96747(21)#
30# s [>300 ns]
5/2+#
1,536.35 MeV
194Re
193.97042(32)#
2# s [>300 ns]
1,535.10 MeV
値は、＃は、純粋に実験データから派生しますが、少なくとも部分的に体系的な傾向からしていないとマーク。弱い代入引数は括弧で囲まれていてスピン。 13
豊富
地球 - 海水: 0.000004 mg/L 15
地球 -
地殻:
0.0007 mg/kg = 0.00000007% 15
地球 -
合計:
60 ppb 16
マーキュリー（惑星） -
合計:
46 ppb 16
金星 -
合計:
64 ppb 16
コンドライト - 合計: 0.046 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 17
化合物
rhenium(III) chloride
rhenium(III) iodide
rhenium(III) oxide
rhenium(IV) bromide
rhenium(IV) chloride
rhenium(IV) fluoride
安全情報
安全データシート - ACI Alloys, Inc.
詳細については
American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe
Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry
ソース
(2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(3) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(4) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(6) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.
(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.
(12) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.
(13) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(14) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(15) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.
(16) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)
(17) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.