Введение
группа: 14 or IV A
Атомный вес: 207.2
период: 6
Количество CAS: 7439-92-1
классификация
галоген
Благородный газ
лантаноидное
актиноидов
Редкоземельный элемент
Металлов платиновой группы
Нет стабильных изотопов
твердое тело
жидкость
газ
твердое тело (предсказанный)
Описание • Использование / функции
Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Native lead occurs in nature,but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are othercommon lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containersfor corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. Natural lead isa mixture of four stable isotopes: lead-204 (1.4%), lead-206 (24.1%), lead-207 (22.1%), and lead-208 (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of thethree series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: lead-206 for the uranium series, lead-207 for the actinium series, and lead-208 for the thorium series.Forty other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Greatquantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Much metal also goes into cable covering, plumbing, ammunition,and in the manufacture of lead tetraethyl. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment andnuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead (PbSO4) chrome yellow (PbCrO4), red lead(Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed toeliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint glass” of a high index of refraction for achromaticlenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years hasbeen practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling lead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmentalconcern with lead poisoning has resulted in a national program to eliminate the lead in gasoline. Lead is priced at about $1/kg (99.9%). 1
• "may have been the first pure metal obtained from its ore" 2
• "used as early as 3000 B.C. by the Egyptians and was later used by Romans to make eating utensils, glazes on pottery, and even intricate plumbing systems." 3
• "the widespread use of tetraethyl lead (C2H5)4Pb, as an antinknock agent in gasoline has increased the lead levels in our environment in this century." 4
• "The largest major commercial use of lead (about 1.3 million tons annually) is for electrodes in the lead storage batteries used in automobiles." 5
• "Once used as a gasoline additive to improve fuel efficiency, but now banned because of its inactivation of auto catalytic converters. Major source of lead as a toxic air pollutant." 6
• "If a piece of lead is scraped clean and immediately placed in sulfuric acid, it will be attacked and hydrogen will be set free. In a few moments the bright surface becomes covered with lead sulfate and the action ceases. Hence lead is used for containers of sulfuric acid and in storage batteries containing the acid. The resistance of lead to the action of the acid is due in large part to the dense, insoluble, adherent coating of lead sulfate formed on the surface by the immediate attack of the acid. This sulfate forms on storage battery plates during the discharge of the battery and is reduced to lead peroxide and lead when the battery is again charged...
Lead is fairly cheap, is easily worked, and is durable, so that it is one of our most common and most useful metals. Its density is sometimes an advantage, as in shielding atomic piles against the escape of dangerous radiation. Lead is very extensively used for pipes and as a sheathing for cables, since it is easily cut, bent, and soldered. Lead pipe is now made by forcing the hot lead through a die by means of the piston of a hydraulic press. The opening of the die is partly obstructed by a solid cylindrical rod attached to the upper surface of the piston. This rod moces upward with the piston, and the pipe is formed by the lead being squeezed out between the rod and the wall of the die. Lead may be extruded in any shape for which a die can be cut.
As it withstands ordinary atmospheric conditions, sheet lead was formerly used for roof covering. It is very widely used as a lining for tanks, cisterns, and cells used in electrolytic operations. The Chinese have long used it for lining tea chests. Thin sheet lead, alloyed with tin, is often used instead of pure tin foil for protective coverings." 7
• "The early Romans used lead to make water pipes, and today many pipes (especially those used in the chemical industry) are still made of lead. The word plumbing derives from the Latin word plumbum for "lead."
Lead remains one of the most useful metals and is fifth in order by tons produced. It is used to make storage battery plates, tetraethyllead for gasoline antiknock compounds, paint pigments, and ammunition. The use of tetraethyllead in gasoline and the use of lead compounds in paints are being phased out because of the metal's toxicity. Lead compounds poison by combining with enzymes (biological catalysts)." 8
Физические свойства
Температура плавления:9* 327.46 °C = 600.61 K = 621.428 °F
Электронная конфигурация: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
n = 6
Электроотрицательность (Полинг шкала):11 1.8
Удельная теплоемкость: 0.129 J/g°C 15 = 26.729 J/mol°C = 0.031 cal/g°C = 6.388 cal/mol°C
Земля - Исходные соединения: sulfides 22
NFPA 704 Ratings:
Внешние ссылки:
Журналы:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:17-4:18.
Точка кипения:9* 1749 °C = 2022.15 K = 3180.2 °F
возгонки:9
тройная точка:9
Критическая точка:9
плотность:10 11.3 g/cm3
* - at 1 atm
Электронная конфигурация
блок: p
Самый высокий уровень энергии Занято: 6
валентных электронов: 4
Квантовые числа:
ℓ = 1
mℓ = 0
ms = +½
Связующие
Electropositivity (Полинг шкала): 2.2
сродства к электрону:12 0.364 eV
Окисление Штаты: +2,4
Рабочая функция:13 4.18 eV = 6.69636E-19 J
ионизационный потенциал
eV 14
kJ/mol
1
7.41666
715.6
ионизационный потенциал
eV 14
kJ/mol
2
15.0322
1450.4
3
31.9373
3081.5
ионизационный потенциал
eV 14
kJ/mol
4
42.32
4083.3
5
68.8
6638.2
термохимия
Теплопроводность: 35.3 (W/m)/K, 27°C 16
Теплота плавления: 4.799 kJ/mol 17 = 23.2 J/g
Теплота парообразования: 177.7 kJ/mol 18 = 857.6 J/g
Состояние материи
Энтальпия образования (ΔHf°)19
Энтропия (S°)19
Свободная энергия Гиббса (ΔGf°)19
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(s)
0
0
15.48
64.76832
0
0
(ℓ)
1.025
4.2886
17.14
71.71376
0.531
2.221704
(g)
46.75
195.602
41.89
175.26776
38.87
162.63208
Изотопы
нуклид
масса 20
Период полураспада 20
Ядерный Спин 20
энергия связи
178Pb
178.003830(26)
0.23(15) ms
0+
1,372.54 MeV
179Pb
179.00215(21)#
3# ms
5/2-#
1,380.61 MeV
180Pb
179.997918(22)
4.5(11) ms
0+
1,398.00 MeV
181Pb
180.99662(10)
45(20) ms
5/2-#
1,406.07 MeV
182Pb
181.992672(15)
60(40) ms [55(+40-35) ms]
0+
1,414.14 MeV
183Pb
182.99187(3)
535(30) ms
(3/2-)
1,422.21 MeV
184Pb
183.988142(15)
490(25) ms
0+
1,439.60 MeV
185Pb
184.987610(17)
6.3(4) s
3/2-
1,447.67 MeV
186Pb
185.984239(12)
4.82(3) s
0+
1,455.74 MeV
187Pb
186.983918(9)
15.2(3) s
(3/2-)
1,463.81 MeV
188Pb
187.980874(11)
25.5(1) s
0+
1,471.88 MeV
189Pb
188.98081(4)
51(3) s
(3/2-)
1,479.95 MeV
190Pb
189.978082(13)
71(1) s
0+
1,497.34 MeV
191Pb
190.97827(4)
1.33(8) min
(3/2-)
1,505.41 MeV
192Pb
191.975785(14)
3.5(1) min
0+
1,513.48 MeV
193Pb
192.97617(5)
5# min
(3/2-)
1,521.55 MeV
194Pb
193.974012(19)
12.0(5) min
0+
1,529.63 MeV
195Pb
194.974542(25)
~15 min
3/2#-
1,537.70 MeV
196Pb
195.972774(15)
37(3) min
0+
1,545.77 MeV
197Pb
196.973431(6)
8.1(17) min
3/2-
1,553.84 MeV
198Pb
197.972034(16)
2.4(1) h
0+
1,561.91 MeV
199Pb
198.972917(28)
90(10) min
3/2-
1,569.98 MeV
200Pb
199.971827(12)
21.5(4) h
0+
1,578.05 MeV
201Pb
200.972885(24)
9.33(3) h
5/2-
1,586.12 MeV
202Pb
201.972159(9)
52.5(28)E+3 a
0+
1,594.20 MeV
203Pb
202.973391(7)
51.873(9) h
5/2-
1,602.27 MeV
204Pb
203.9730436(13)
СТАБИЛЬНЫЙ
0+
1,610.34 MeV
205Pb
204.9744818(13)
15.3(7)E+6 a
5/2-
1,618.41 MeV
206Pb
205.9744653(13)
СТАБИЛЬНЫЙ
0+
1,626.48 MeV
207Pb
206.9758969(13)
СТАБИЛЬНЫЙ
1/2-
1,634.55 MeV
208Pb
207.9766521(13)
СТАБИЛЬНЫЙ
0+
1,642.62 MeV
209Pb
208.9810901(19)
3.253(14) h
9/2+
1,641.38 MeV
210Pb
209.9841885(16)
22.20(22) a
0+
1,649.45 MeV
211Pb
210.9887370(29)
36.1(2) min
9/2+
1,657.52 MeV
212Pb
211.9918975(24)
10.64(1) h
0+
1,656.28 MeV
213Pb
212.996581(8)
10.2(3) min
(9/2+)
1,664.35 MeV
214Pb
213.9998054(26)
26.8(9) min
0+
1,672.42 MeV
215Pb
215.00481(44)#
36(1) s
5/2+#
1,671.18 MeV
Значения, отмеченные # не чисто получены из экспериментальных данных, но, по крайней мере, частично от систематических тенденций. Спины с аргументами слабые присваивания заключены в круглые скобки. 20
Реакции
изобилие
Земля - морская вода: 0.00003 mg/L 23
Земля -
корка:
0.14 mg/kg = 0.000014% 23
Земля -
Всего:
1.58 ppb 24
Планета Меркурий) -
Всего:
0.018 ppb 24
Венера -
Всего:
1.66 ppb 24
Хондриты - Всего: 0.14 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 25
Тело человека - Всего: 0.00017% 26
соединений
lead(II) acetate
lead(II) antimonide
lead(II) arsenate
lead(II) arsenite
lead(II) azide
lead(II) bromide
lead(II) butanoate
lead(II) carbonate
lead(II) chlorate
lead(II) chloride
lead(II) chromate
lead(II) cyanide
lead(II) fluoride; lead difluoride
lead(II) fluoroborate
lead(II) formate
lead(II) hydrogen arsenate
lead(II) hydroxide
lead(II) iodate
lead(II) iodide
lead(II) lactate
lead(II) metasilicate
lead(II) metavandate
lead(II) molybdate
lead(II) niobate
lead(II) nitrate
lead(II) oleate
lead(II) orthosilicate
lead(II) oxalate
lead(II) oxide; lead monoxide
lead(II) perchlorate
lead(II) phosphate
lead(II) selenate
lead(II) selenide
lead(II) selenite
lead(II) sulfate
lead(II) sulfide
lead(II) sulfite
lead(II) tantalate
lead(II) telluride
lead(II) thiocyanate
lead(II) titanate
lead(II) tungstate
lead(II) zirconate
lead(II, II, IV) oxide; red lead oxide
lead(II, IV) oxide
lead(IV) acetate; lead tetraacetate
lead(IV) bromide
lead(IV) chloride; lead tetrachloride
lead(IV) fluoride
lead(IV) hydride
lead(IV) oxide; lead dioxide
Цены
Информация по технике безопасности
Health: 3 - Short exposure could cause serious temporary or moderate residual injury.
Flammability: 1 - Must be heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93°C (200°F).
Reactivity: 0 - Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water.
Паспорт безопасности - ACI Alloys, Inc.
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Environmental Chemistry
(1) Richard B. Holtzman and Frank H. Ilcewicz, Science 153, 1259-1260 (1966)
(2) Roberto Gwiazda, Carla Campbell, Donald Smith, Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 104-110 (2005)
(3) Ellen Tohn, Sherry Dixon, Ron Rupp and Scott Clark, Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 453-456 (2000)
(4) Robert A. Root, Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 937-940 (2000)
журналы:
(1) Hanson, David. Safety Law Confounds. Chemical & Engineering News, February 9, 2009, pp 28.
источники
(2) - Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; p 890.
(3) - Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; p 890.
(4) - Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; p 890.
(5) - Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemistry, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; p 890.
(6) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2006; p 575.
(7) - Brownlee, Raymond B., Fuller, Robert W., and Whitsit, Jesse E. Elements of Chemistry; Allyn and Bacon: Boston, Massachusetts, 1959; pp 554-5.
(8) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 703.
(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(11) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(13) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.
(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(15) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(16) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(17) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
(18) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.
(19) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.
(20) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(21) - Swaddle, T.W. Inorganic Chemistry; Academic Press: San Diego, 1997; p 386.
(22) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(23) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.
(24) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)
(25) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.
(26) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7:17.