Introduction
Group: 17 or VII A
Atomic Weight: 79.904
Period: 4
CAS Number: 7726-95-6
Classification
No Stable Isotopes
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solid (Predicted)
Description • Uses/Function
Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained fromnatural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromineis the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strongdisagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide,forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilledon the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Muchof the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds.Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine.Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides forphotography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, bromine-79 and bromine-81. Thirty three isotopes and isomers areknown. Bromine costs about $100/kg. 1
Physical Properties
Density:2 3.1028 g/cm3
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
n = 4
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):3 2.96
Specific Heat: 0.226 J/g°C 6 = 18.058 J/mol°C = 0.054 cal/g°C = 4.316 cal/mol°C
2 Al (s) + 3 Br2 (ℓ) → Al2Br6 (s) 12
Earth - Source Compounds: halide salts or brines 18
External Links:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:6.
* - at 1 atm
Electron Configuration
Block: p
Highest Occupied Energy Level: 4
Valence Electrons: 7
Quantum Numbers:
ℓ = 1
mℓ = 0
ms = -½
Bonding
Electropositivity (Pauling scale): 1.04
Electron Affinity:4 3.363588 eV
Oxidation States: ±1,+5
Ionization Potential
eV 5
kJ/mol
1
11.81381
1139.9
2
21.8
2103.4
Ionization Potential
eV 5
kJ/mol
3
36
3473.5
4
47.3
4563.8
5
59.7
5760.2
Ionization Potential
eV 5
kJ/mol
6
88.6
8548.6
7
103
9938.0
8
192.8
18602.4
Thermochemistry
Thermal Conductivity: 0.122 (W/m)/K, 27°C 7
Heat of Fusion: 5.286 kJ/mol 8 = 66.2 J/g
Heat of Vaporization: 15.438 kJ/mol 9 = 193.2 J/g
State of Matter
Enthalpy of Formation (ΔHf°)10
Entropy (S°)10
Gibbs Free Energy (ΔGf°)10
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(ℓ)
0
0
36.384
152.230656
0
0
(g)
7.387
30.907208
58.641
245.353944
0.751
3.142184
Isotopes
Nuclide
Mass 11
Half-Life 11
Nuclear Spin 11
Binding Energy
67Br
66.96479(54)#
1/2-#
546.93 MeV
68Br
67.95852(38)#
<1.2 μs
3+#
560.59 MeV
69Br
68.95011(11)#
<24 ns
1/2-#
576.11 MeV
70Br
69.94479(33)#
79.1(8) ms
0+#
589.77 MeV
71Br
70.93874(61)
21.4(6) s
(5/2)-
603.43 MeV
72Br
71.93664(6)
78.6(24) s
1+
613.37 MeV
73Br
72.93169(5)
3.4(2) min
1/2-
626.10 MeV
74Br
73.929891(16)
25.4(3) min
(0-)
636.03 MeV
75Br
74.925776(15)
96.7(13) min
3/2-
647.83 MeV
76Br
75.924541(10)
16.2(2) h
1-
656.83 MeV
77Br
76.921379(3)
57.036(6) h
3/2-
667.70 MeV
78Br
77.921146(4)
6.46(4) min
1+
675.77 MeV
79Br
78.9183371(22)
STABLE
3/2-
686.63 MeV
80Br
79.9185293(22)
17.68(2) min
1+
694.70 MeV
81Br
80.9162906(21)
STABLE
3/2-
704.64 MeV
82Br
81.9168041(21)
35.282(7) h
5-
712.71 MeV
83Br
82.915180(5)
2.40(2) h
3/2-
721.71 MeV
84Br
83.916479(16)
31.80(8) min
2-
728.85 MeV
85Br
84.915608(21)
2.90(6) min
3/2-
737.86 MeV
86Br
85.918798(12)
55.1(4) s
(2-)
743.13 MeV
87Br
86.920711(19)
55.65(13) s
3/2-
749.34 MeV
88Br
87.92407(4)
16.29(6) s
(2-)
753.69 MeV
89Br
88.92639(6)
4.40(3) s
(3/2-,5/2-)
759.89 MeV
90Br
89.93063(8)
1.91(1) s
764.24 MeV
91Br
90.93397(8)
541(5) ms
3/2-#
769.52 MeV
92Br
91.93926(5)
0.343(15) s
(2-)
772.00 MeV
93Br
92.94305(32)#
102(10) ms
3/2-#
776.34 MeV
94Br
93.94868(43)#
70(20) ms
779.76 MeV
95Br
94.95287(54)#
50# ms [>300 ns]
3/2-#
784.10 MeV
96Br
95.95853(75)#
20# ms [>300 ns]
786.59 MeV
97Br
96.96280(86)#
10# ms [>300 ns]
3/2-#
790.93 MeV
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 11
Reactions
2 BrCl (g) → Br2 (g) + Cl2 (g)
Cl2 (g) + 2 NH4Br (aq) → 2 NH4Cl (aq) + Br2 (ℓ)
H2 + 1 Br2 → 2 HBr 13
2 KBr (aq) + 1 Cl2 (g) → 2 KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq) 14
2 Li (s) + 1 Br2 (ℓ) → 2 LiBr (s) 15
P4 (s) + 6 Br2 (ℓ) → 4 PBr3 (ℓ) 16
3 TiO2 (s rutile) + 4 BrF3 (ℓ) → 3 TiF4 (s) + 2 Br2 (ℓ) + 3 O2 (g) 17
2 La (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 LaBr3 (s)
2 Dy (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 DyBr3 (s)
Abundance
Earth - Seawater: 67.3 mg/L 19
Earth -
Crust:
2.4 mg/kg = 0.00024% 19
Earth -
Total:
106 ppb 20
Mercury -
Total:
1.2 ppb 20
Venus -
Total:
111 ppb 20
Chondrites - Total: 5 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 21
Human Body - Total: 0.00029% 22
Compounds
1,2-dibromoethane*; ethylene dibromide; ethylene bromide
1,2-dibromopropane; propylene dibromide
1,3-dibromopropane; trimethylene bromide
1-bromohexadecane; cetyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide
1-bromononane; n-bromononane; nonyl bromide
2-bromooctane; sec-octyl bromide
6-bromohexyltrimethylammonium bromide
acetyl bromide
allyl bromide; 3-bromopropene
allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
aluminum bromide hexahydrate; aluminium bromide hexahydrate
aluminum bromide; aluminium bromide
ammonium bromide
amyl bromide
antimony tribromide
arsenic oxybromide
arsenic tribromide
barium bromide
barium bromide dihydrate
benzyl bromide; alpha-bromotoluene
berkelium(III) bromide
beryllium bromide
bismuth(III) bromide
bismuth(III) oxybromide
boron tribromide
bromine azide
bromine dioxide
bromine monochloride
bromine monofluoride
bromine monoxide
bromine pentafluoride
bromine trifluoride
butyl bromide; 1-bromobutane
cadmium bromide
calcium bromide
calcium bromide dihydrate
californium(II) bromide
californium(III) bromide
carbon tetrabromide
cerium(III) bromide
cesium bromide; caesium bromide
chromium(II) bromide
chromium(III) bromide
chromium(IV) bromide
cobalt(II) bromide; cobalt dibromide
copper(I) bromide; cuprous bromide
copper(II) bromide
curium(III) bromide
cyanogen bromide
deuterium bromide
dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
diphenyl methyl bromide
disulfur dibromide
dysprosium(II) bromide
dysprosium(III) bromide
einsteinium(II) bromide
einsteinium(III) bromide
erbium(III) bromide
ethyl bromide; bromoethane
europium(II) bromide
europium(III) bromide
gallium(III) bromide
germanium(II) bromide
germanium(IV) bromide
gold(I) bromide
gold(III) bromide
hafnium bromide
holmium bromide
hydrogen bromide*; hydrobromic acid
indium(I) bromide
indium(II) bromide
indium(III) bromide
iodine monobromide
iridium(II) bromide
iridium(III) bromide
iridium(IV) bromide
iron(II) bromide
iron(III) bromide
lanthanum bromide
lead(II) bromide
lead(IV) bromide
lithium bromide
lutetium bromide
magnesium bromide
magnesium bromide hexahydrate
manganese(II) bromide
mercury(I) bromide
mercury(II) bromide
molybdenum(II) bromide
molybdenum(III) bromide
molybdenum(IV) bromide; molybdenum tetrabromide
m-xylyl bromide; 3-methylbenzyl bromide)
neodymium(II) bromide
neodymium(III) bromide
neptunium(III) bromide
neptunium(IV) bromide
nickel(II) bromide
niobium(III) bromide
niobium(IV) bromide
niobium(V) bromide
nitrogen tribromide
n-propyl bromide; 1-bromopropane*; bromopropane; 1-propyl bromide
osmium(III) bromide
osmium(IV) bromide
o-xylyl bromide; 2-methylbenzyl bromide
palladium(II) bromide
phenethyl bromide; 2-bromoethylbenzene*
phosphorus oxybromide
phosphorus pentabromide
phosphorus tetrabromide
phosphorus tribromide
platinum(II) bromide
platinum(III) bromide
platinum(IV) bromide
plutonium(III) bromide
potassium bromide
praseodymium(III) bromide
promethium(III) bromide
protactinium(IV) bromide
protactinium(V) bromide
p-xylyl bromide; 4-methylbenzyl bromide
rhenium(III) bromide
rhenium(IV) bromide
rhenium(V) bromide
rhodium(III) bromide
rubidium bromide
ruthenium(II) bromide
ruthenium(III) bromide
samarium(II) bromide
samarium(III) bromide
scandium(III) bromide
selenium bromide
selenium dibromide
selenium oxybromide
selenium tetrabromide
silicon tetrabromide
silver bromide
silver dibromide
silver tribromide
sodium bromide
strontium bromide
strontium bromide hexahydrate
tantalum(III) bromide
tantalum(IV) bromide
tantalum(V) bromide
technetium(IV) bromide
tellurium dibromide
tellurium tetrabromide
terbium(III) bromide
thallium(I) bromide
thallium(I, III) bromide
thorium(IV) bromide
thulium(II) bromide
thulium(III) bromide
tin(II) bromide
tin(IV) bromide
titanium(II) bromide
titanium(III) bromide
titanium(IV) bromide
triethyl tin bromide
tungsten(II) bromide
tungsten(III) bromide
tungsten(IV) bromide
tungsten(V) bromide
tungsten(V) oxytribromide
tungsten(VI) bromide
tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide
tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide
uranium(III) bromide
uranium(IV) bromide
uranium(V) bromide
vanadium(II) bromide
vanadium(III) bromide
vanadium(IV) bromide
vinyl bromide; bromoethane^; 1-bromoethane; bromoethylene; 1-bromoethylene
ytterbium(II) bromide
ytterbium(III) bromide
yttrium(III) bromide
zinc bromide
zirconium(III) bromide
zirconium(IV) bromide
Safety Information
Material Safety Data Sheet - ACI Alloys, Inc.
For More Information
American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe
Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry
Sources
(2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
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(11) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
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