介绍
组: 13 or III A
原子量: 10.811
期: 2
CAS号码: 7440-42-8
分类
描述 • 用途/功能
Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11B isotope. Eleven isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of importance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. Crystalline boron (99%) costs about $8/g. Amorphous boron costs about $4/g. Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. 1
• "metabolism of calcium, magnesium, hormones" 2
• "By doping silicon with an element having three valence electrons, the conductivity is also very much enhanced. Consider what happens when silicon is doped with boron. Some of the silicon atoms in the solid are replaced by boron atoms; but because each boron atom has only three valence electrons, one of the four bonds to each boron atom has only one electron in it. We can think if this as a vacancy or "hole" in the bonding orbital. An electron from a neighboring atomcan move in to occupy this hole. Then a hole would exist on the neighboring atom, and an electron from another atom can move into it. As a result of this movement, boron-doped silicon is an electrical conductor. Because a hole is an absence of an electron, it is essentially a positive charge. Boron-doped silicon is called a p-type semiconductor, because the charge is carried by positive holes. The semiconductor behavior of doped silicon also can be explained in molecular orbital terms." 3
物理性能
熔点:4* 2075 °C = 2348.15 K = 3767 °F
电子组态: [He] 2s2 2p1
n = 2
电负性 (鲍林规模):6 2.04
比热: 1.026 J/g°C 10 = 11.092 J/mol°C = 0.245 cal/g°C = 2.651 cal/mol°C
地球 - 来源化合物: oxides 17
外部链接:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:6.
沸点:4* 4000 °C = 4273.15 K = 7232 °F
升华点:4
三相点:4
临界点:4
密度:5 2.34 g/cm3
* - at 1 atm
电子组态
块: p
最高占据能级: 2
价电子: 3
量子数:
ℓ = 1
mℓ = -1
ms = +½
粘接
Electropositivity (鲍林规模): 1.96
电子亲:7 0.279723 eV
氧化态: +3
功函数:8 4.75 eV = 7.6095E-19 J
电离能
eV 9
kJ/mol
1
8.29803
800.6
电离能
eV 9
kJ/mol
2
25.15484
2427.1
3
37.93064
3659.7
电离能
eV 9
kJ/mol
4
259.37521
25025.9
5
340.2258
32826.8
热化学
导热系数: 27 (W/m)/K, 27°C 11
融合热: 50.2 kJ/mol 12 = 4643.4 J/g
汽化热: 489.7 kJ/mol 13 = 45296.5 J/g
物质状态
生成焓 (ΔHf°)14
熵 (S°)14
吉布斯自由能 (ΔGf°)14
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(s)
0
0
1.40
5.8576
0
0
(g)
134.5
562.748
36.65
153.3436
124.0
518.816
同位素
核素
块 15
半衰期 15
核自旋 15
结合能
10B
10.0129370(4)
稳定
3+
65.62 MeV
11B
11.0093054(4)
稳定
3/2-
76.49 MeV
12B
12.0143521(15)
20.20(2) ms
1+
79.90 MeV
13B
13.0177802(12)
17.33(17) ms
3/2-
85.18 MeV
14B
14.025404(23)
12.5(5) ms
2-
85.80 MeV
15B
15.031103(24)
9.87(7) ms
3/2-
88.28 MeV
16B
16.03981(6)
<190E-12 s [<0.1 MeV]
0-
88.90 MeV
17B
17.04699(18)
5.08(5) ms
(3/2-)
90.45 MeV
18B
18.05617(86)#
<26 ns
(4-)#
89.21 MeV
19B
19.06373(43)#
2.92(13) ms
(3/2-)#
90.76 MeV
6B
6.04681(75)#
0.92 MeV
7B
7.02992(8)
350(50)E-24 s [1.4(2) MeV]
(3/2-)
24.74 MeV
8B
8.0246072(11)
770(3) ms
2+
37.74 MeV
9B
9.0133288(11)
800(300)E-21 s [0.54(21) keV]
3/2-
56.34 MeV
值标记＃不是纯粹从实验数据得出，但至少部分来自系统的发展趋势。旋转弱任务参数都包含在括号中。 15
反应
丰富
地球 - 海水: 4.44 mg/L 18
地球 -
脆皮:
10 mg/kg = 0.001% 18
地球 -
总:
9.6 ppb 19
水星（行星） -
总:
0.11 ppb 19
金星 -
总:
10.0 ppb 19
球粒陨石 - 总: 6.2 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 20
人体 - 总: 0.00007% 21
化合物
安全信息
材料安全数据表 - ACI Alloys, Inc.
了解更多信息
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来源
(2) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. General Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 926.
(3) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 394.
(4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(6) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(8) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.
(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.
(14) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94.
(15) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(16) - Atkins, Jones, and Laverman. Chemical Principles 6th ed.; W.H. Freeman and Company: New York, NY, 2013; p F94.
(17) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(18) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.
(19) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)
(20) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.
(21) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7:17.