소개
그룹: 11 or I B
원자 무게: 107.8682
기간: 5
CAS 번호: 7440-22-4
분류
더 안정 동위 원소 없습니다
고체
액체
가스
고체 (예상)
기술 • 용도 / 기능
Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate thatman learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead,lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in thewestern hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable,being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses thelowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloysof silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, theremainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going intothis application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc andsilver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metalsby chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidlytarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formedduring the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be madetransparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. Whilesilver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Forty nine other radioactive isotopesand isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.A condition, known as argyria, results, with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills manylower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasuryat 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilizedfor a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of thethree U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system wasestablished in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The compositionof the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollarsare 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practicethey have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries havelargely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 1996, the price of silver was about $5.30/troy oz. (17¢/g); however the pricehas fluctuated considerably due to market instability. 1
• "...gold and silver have been used as free metals since prehistoric times." 2
물리적 특성
녹는 점:3* 961.78 °C = 1234.93 K = 1763.204 °F
전자 구성: *[Kr] 5s1 4d10
n = 4
전기 음성도 (폴링 규모):5 1.93
비열: 0.235 J/g°C 9 = 25.349 J/mol°C = 0.056 cal/g°C = 6.059 cal/mol°C
2 Ag (s) + 1 Cu(NO3)2 (aq) → 2 AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s)
지구 - 소스 화합물: sulfides 17
외부 링크:
잡지:
(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:29.
비점:3* 2162 °C = 2435.15 K = 3923.6 °F
승화 포인트:3
트리플 포인트:3
중요 포인트:3
밀도:4 10.5 g/cm3
* - at 1 atm
전자 구성
블록: d
최고 점유 에너지 레벨: 5
원자가 전자를:
양자 번호:
ℓ = 2
mℓ = 2
ms = -½
본딩
Electropositivity (폴링 규모): 2.07
전자 친화도:6 1.302 eV
산화 미국: +1
작업 기능:7 4.64 eV = 7.43328E-19 J
이온화 전위
eV 8
kJ/mol
1
7.5762
731.0
이온화 전위
eV 8
kJ/mol
2
21.49
2073.5
이온화 전위
eV 8
kJ/mol
3
34.83
3360.6
열화학
열 전도성: 429 (W/m)/K, 27°C 10
퓨전의 열: 11.3 kJ/mol 11 = 104.8 J/g
기화의 열: 250.58 kJ/mol 12 = 2323.0 J/g
물질의 상태
형성의 엔탈피 (ΔHf°)13
엔트로피 (S°)13
깁스 자유 에너지 (ΔGf°)13
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(cal/K)
(J/K)
(kcal/mol)
(kJ/mol)
(s)
0
0
10.17
42.55128
0
0
(g)
68.01
284.55384
41.321
172.887064
58.72
245.68448
(s)
0.0
0
42.6
178.2384
(g)
284.9
1192.0216
173.0
723.832
246.0
1029.264
동위 원소
핵종
질량 14
하프 라이프 14
핵 스핀 14
에너지 바인딩
100Ag
99.91610(8)
2.01(9) min
(5)+
848.61 MeV
101Ag
100.91280(11)
11.1(3) min
9/2+
862.27 MeV
102Ag
101.91169(3)
12.9(3) min
5+
870.34 MeV
103Ag
102.908973(18)
65.7(7) min
7/2+
887.72 MeV
104Ag
103.908629(6)
69.2(10) min
5+
895.79 MeV
105Ag
104.906529(12)
41.29(7) d
1/2-
903.87 MeV
106Ag
105.906669(5)
23.96(4) min
1+
911.94 MeV
107Ag
106.905097(5)
안정된
1/2-
920.01 MeV
108Ag
107.905956(5)
2.37(1) min
1+
928.08 MeV
109Ag
108.904752(3)
안정된
1/2-
936.15 MeV
110Ag
109.906107(3)
24.6(2) s
1+
944.22 MeV
111Ag
110.905291(3)
7.45(1) d
1/2-
952.29 MeV
112Ag
111.907005(18)
3.130(9) h
2(-)
960.37 MeV
113Ag
112.906567(18)
5.37(5) h
1/2-
968.44 MeV
114Ag
113.908804(27)
4.6(1) s
1+
976.51 MeV
115Ag
114.90876(4)
20.0(5) min
1/2-
984.58 MeV
116Ag
115.91136(5)
2.68(10) min
(2)-
983.34 MeV
117Ag
116.91168(5)
73.6(14) s [72.8(+20-7) s]
1/2-#
991.41 MeV
118Ag
117.91458(7)
3.76(15) s
1-
999.48 MeV
119Ag
118.91567(10)
6.0(5) s
1/2-#
1,007.55 MeV
120Ag
119.91879(8)
1.23(4) s
3(+#)
1,015.62 MeV
121Ag
120.91985(16)
0.79(2) s
(7/2+)#
1,023.69 MeV
122Ag
121.92353(22)#
0.529(13) s
(3+)
1,022.45 MeV
123Ag
122.92490(22)#
0.300(5) s
(7/2+)
1,030.52 MeV
124Ag
123.92864(21)#
172(5) ms
3+#
1,038.59 MeV
125Ag
124.93043(32)#
166(7) ms
(7/2+)#
1,037.35 MeV
126Ag
125.93450(32)#
107(12) ms
3+#
1,045.42 MeV
127Ag
126.93677(32)#
79(3) ms
7/2+#
1,053.49 MeV
128Ag
127.94117(32)#
58(5) ms
1,052.25 MeV
129Ag
128.94369(43)#
44(7) ms [46(+5-9) ms]
7/2+#
1,060.32 MeV
130Ag
129.95045(36)#
~50 ms
0+
1,059.07 MeV
93Ag
92.94978(64)#
5# ms [>1.5 μs]
9/2+#
761.37 MeV
94Ag
93.94278(54)#
37(18) ms [26(+26-9) ms]
0+#
775.96 MeV
95Ag
94.93548(43)#
1.74(13) s
(9/2+)
790.55 MeV
96Ag
95.93068(43)#
4.45(4) s
(8+)
803.28 MeV
97Ag
96.92397(35)
25.3(3) s
(9/2+)
817.87 MeV
98Ag
97.92157(7)
47.5(3) s
(5+)
827.81 MeV
99Ag
98.91760(16)
124(3) s
(9/2)+
839.60 MeV
값은 # 순수 실험 데이터에서 유래하지만, 적어도 부분적으로 체계적인 동향에서되지 않습니다 표시. 약한 할당 인수는 괄호로 묶와 함께 회전합니다. 14
반응
2 Ag (s) + 1 Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → 2 AgNO3 (aq) + Pb (s)
Cd (s gamma) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Cd(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s) 15
Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → 2 Ag (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) 16
Mg (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
Pb (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
Mn (s alpha) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Mn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
풍부
지구 - 해수: 0.00004 mg/L 18
지구 -
빵 껍질:
0.075 mg/kg = 0.0000075% 18
지구 -
합계:
44 ppb 19
수성 (행성) -
합계:
7.2 ppb 19
금성 -
합계:
49 ppb 19
구립 운석 - 합계: ~0.09 (relative to 106 atoms of Si) 20
화합물
silver acetylide
silver azide
silver bromate
silver bromide
silver carbonate
silver chlorate
silver chloride
silver chromate
silver cyanide
silver dibromide
silver dichloride
silver dichromate
silver fluoride
물가
안전 정보
물질 안전 보건 자료 - ACI Alloys, Inc.
자세한 내용은
American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe
Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry
(1) Moyer, Michael. How Much is Left?. Scientific American, September 2010, pp 74-81.
소스
(2) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. General Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 905.
(3) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
(5) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4:8-4:149.
(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-10:148.
(7) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(10) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:107-6:122.
(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 5:5.
(14) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(15) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 97.
(16) - Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 75.
(17) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(18) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14:17.
(19) - Morgan, John W. and Anders, Edward, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6973-6977 (1980)
(20) - Brownlow, Arthur. Geochemistry; Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, pp 15-16.